CAN TRANSSEXUAL
AND TRANSGENDER
WOMEN FAIRLY COMPETE AGAINST WOMEN
AND GIRLS IN SPORT?
WOMEN FAIRLY COMPETE AGAINST WOMEN
AND GIRLS IN SPORT?
Earlier this month celebrated
tennis star Martina Navratilova took the brave step to publicly comment about
the changes being made around the world that are effectively allowing
transgender athletes, born men, to self-identify as women and compete against women
and girls. This is often possible with minimal, or sometimes no, physical modifications to their
bodies.
That may read like an early
‘April Fools’ joke to most rational people. Sports are segregated between male and
female competitors for a very simple reason. Men have stronger bodies developed
by evolution and genetics to hunt and fight and that convey many natural
advantages over women.
Yes, there are outliers and
extremes - tall women, short men and a range of skills that will allow the best
women to compete with the weakest men. However, for fairness of challenge, and
in most sports - not all, as men and women do compete against each other in a
few events - there remain different categories.
That this is necessary is shown by the records and average scores in these sports. Those set by men are consistently better than those set by women. Even the strongest women versus the weakest men are at a physiological disadvantage because of how their bodies have developed in the early and pubertal years of life.
That this is necessary is shown by the records and average scores in these sports. Those set by men are consistently better than those set by women. Even the strongest women versus the weakest men are at a physiological disadvantage because of how their bodies have developed in the early and pubertal years of life.
So far, so obvious - you would
think.
Yet, Martina, in making these points, has been accused of bigotry and hatred of trans people for expressing what are plain facts of biology.
As a prominent and well respected gay woman she has even been stripped of representative roles after an outcry by transgender people who seem to think their feelings matter more than reality.
Yet, Martina, in making these points, has been accused of bigotry and hatred of trans people for expressing what are plain facts of biology.
As a prominent and well respected gay woman she has even been stripped of representative roles after an outcry by transgender people who seem to think their feelings matter more than reality.
Martina is not a bigot. Nor is
she transphobic. Many years ago she supported one of the first transsexual
sports stars - tennis player Renee Richards - in her quest to be allowed to
play tennis as a woman after previously having a (modestly successful) career as a man.
Renee won that fight with the
authorities and had an equally unremarkable career on the women’s tour. Later
she worked with Martina as a friend and coach - hardly making Martina an
obvious transphobic bigot.
It is worth noting - though -
that Renee herself now accepts that as she competed when an older woman she was
never likely to be superior to many younger female players. But at an earlier
age, she now agrees, she would have likely had an advantage simply as a result of how male
biology, puberty and her body had developed before transition.
We agree with this argument.
It is important to stress, as
Martina does, but few in the media ever do, that there is a difference between
transsexual and transgender.
A transsexual (TS) - as with
those of us writing this blog - has a medical problem in which we have the need
to alter our body to match the psychology of our inner selves. We do so via all
means available up to and including Gender Reassignment Surgery (GRS) which
changes external physiology and permanently removes the key source of, in the case of
TS women, testosterone. This powers much but not all of the bodily changes that
bring advantage.
Whereas someone who is
transgender (TG) simply wishes to express their gender identity differently and
may, but often does not, make permanent medical changes to their physiology.
Over 80% of transgender women
retain their penis and testes - the primary source of testosterone. Transsexual women almost always remove it -
only in a few cases are there medical grounds preventing this on advice from doctors.
So TS will usually have little
natural source of testosterone and very low levels in their body a year or so post GRS.
This will often be at the low end or even below the female range - as all women do have
some T (testosterone) in their body.
Whereas TG can only use drugs
to suppress their levels still naturally being produced and rarely can reduce
them to the normal low levels of women.
Consequently even on the one
measure presently used by some sporting bodies to determine whether trans
people should compete the numbers are set at a high bar in order to accommodate
TG people, not just TS. And that bar is many times the levels of T in the
bodies of most women AND of TS women.
T levels on their own are only
one measure and post puberty have limited consequence on the differences in the
body that they have already conferred onto men.
There will also be differences
depending on age of transition and at what stage T production is stopped by
surgery or drugs.
Put simply - a man transitioning into a woman in their 40s - would not be able to eradicate many of the advantages conveyed by their male body to have such meaningful effect. Whereas someone doing so in their teens or early 20s could do so to a greater extent. The time if or when they have surgery would also make a difference.
Put simply - a man transitioning into a woman in their 40s - would not be able to eradicate many of the advantages conveyed by their male body to have such meaningful effect. Whereas someone doing so in their teens or early 20s could do so to a greater extent. The time if or when they have surgery would also make a difference.
The bottom line - though -
remains that natal bodily advantages exist for all those born male over all of
those born women - other things just define how more or less that advantage can
be modified. And that is not a simple one size fits all.
We have some thoughts on ways
forward that we will post separately after this message. But you might first notice two key bottom
lines here that are very telling.
1: T levels allowed in sport
participation can be up to 20 times higher than normal female levels or
the levels post op TS women achieve. This high range figure is to give access to
those TG who do not intend to make permanent bodily changes. But if T levels
matter as much as is being claimed in adapting the body - then they will have a clear edge over a TS
women they may compete against - making it even on that basis unfair.
So how exactly can they
possibly be in fair competition with women who undeniably have a disadvantage
even against we post op TS women who acknowledge our body retains significant edges
given prior to our transition?
2: We are talking here about
transwomen and not mentioning TS or TG men.
Why?
Almost one third of all adult
TS and two thirds of younger TG today are girls who live as boys.
We are not discussing them here
because someone born and going through puberty as a girl will never have all the
same strengths and physiology of a male body even if taking testosterone to
build muscle mass.
The lack of concern over fair competition against men by trans men occurs because there is little evidence they will be a significant threat to born male athletes.
Does that not necessarily imply the
opposite conclusion when the argument is posed from the direction of trans
women?
If no male athletes are fearing the invasion
of trans men in their midst, it should be more than clear why female athletes
DO see a threat to both their safety - in contact sports - and to their hopes and dreams of success and
setting records given the disadvantage they will always start under.
POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO TRANS SPORTS PARTICIPATION.
Can we find a way that more fairly allows trans people to participate in sports?
The first question perhaps is - should
we even want to do this?
All people should be
encouraged to take part in sporting activity to maintain a healthy body. And in none competitive situations we do see
a different case to allow participation than those where livelihoods or careers
are jeopardized by an unfair challenge from trans people.
Many who have a medical condition reluctantly accept the limitations on their body’s capabilities. It is a trade-off to live a happy balanced life which might restrict some possibilities whilst enhancing others.
Many who have a medical condition reluctantly accept the limitations on their body’s capabilities. It is a trade-off to live a happy balanced life which might restrict some possibilities whilst enhancing others.
We think most transsexuals
would understand this life balance argument in sports. If it means that for
reasons of safety and fairness that they cannot enter major sporting events or
turn professional in this endeavor because their situation would impact the careers of other
sports people, then we believe they would accept that consequence.
Unfortunately, we would not
anticipate a similar level of understanding from transgender activists based on
what we see from their reactions to the Martina Navratilova statement.
This may be because TG view
transition as a lifestyle expression and regard validation in their identity as
essential to ongoing mental health.
Whereas TS are resolving a
medical condition in order to live as normal a life as possible but are aware
of the trade-off between acceptance by society over rights of access and the
implications of that access for other people.
So, are there other options
with regards to sport?
One often suggested is to create transgender teams and competitions.
One often suggested is to create transgender teams and competitions.
Can that
work?
An immediate problem is one of
numbers. There are currently under 5000
people out of the 65 million living in the UK who have legally changed their sex
marker - about 3700 TS women and 1250 TS men. Currently you must be medically diagnosed as TS not self diagnosed as TG
in order to do this.
There are believed perhaps two
or three times as many TS who have not applied for legal status. But numbers even
on this measure are tiny and creating meaningful sports competitions between
them hard to see as possible. 1250 TS men would have a difficult time creating
any serious sports competition at all.
On the other hand there are an
estimated 500,000 TG men and women - more evenly split between genders. Possibly
there would be a chance of some kind of competition here. But the question then
is, how do you determine who goes where?
Remember that on T levels alone TG women have a big edge over TS women and that is without taking into account the fact that many TG do nothing to their bodies to alter them physically and so will have the natal advantage or disadvantage against all others who have.
How many categories will you need to define and who does all the testing to measure fairness? This could easily be as impossible to work with resulting low numbers in multiple categories as it was with transsexuals alone.
Remember that on T levels alone TG women have a big edge over TS women and that is without taking into account the fact that many TG do nothing to their bodies to alter them physically and so will have the natal advantage or disadvantage against all others who have.
How many categories will you need to define and who does all the testing to measure fairness? This could easily be as impossible to work with resulting low numbers in multiple categories as it was with transsexuals alone.
Separating men v women in
sports seems fair and in none trans situations usually is, but it becomes less
fair in terms of TS & TG and the vast differences between a ‘trans woman’
with a fully male body identifying as a woman and a fully transitioned person
who took puberty blockers then had surgery and never gained most natal sex advantages.
Here it is quite clear we face an almost impossible problem of sub division.
So, is there a way to grant
access more fairly to trans people into opposite natal sex categories of sport?
We would argue that priority
number one has to be safety. There are
some sports where a male bodied person, even a post op TS such as the authors of this blog, could be a significant
threat of accidental harm to a female competitor.
This must always be the first
deciding factor and, if there is any doubt, the option must be to exclude.
Beyond that point, perhaps there is a way in which sports scientists could get together and properly define a series of measures that go well beyond the testosterone level tests presently used by some sports to grant access.
We do not believe T levels alone are anywhere near enough and that they are set too high to be balanced towards inclusivity and away from fairness to women. The latter must be the primary aim not the former.
One sensible option where inclusion might be discussed as a possibility would be if individual trans people as a condition of entry into a competitive sport have their entire body scanned and measured so that things like muscle mass, bone density, arm and thigh strength and any other factors deemed an advantage by sports scientists are carefully assessed and regularly checked.
Beyond that point, perhaps there is a way in which sports scientists could get together and properly define a series of measures that go well beyond the testosterone level tests presently used by some sports to grant access.
We do not believe T levels alone are anywhere near enough and that they are set too high to be balanced towards inclusivity and away from fairness to women. The latter must be the primary aim not the former.
One sensible option where inclusion might be discussed as a possibility would be if individual trans people as a condition of entry into a competitive sport have their entire body scanned and measured so that things like muscle mass, bone density, arm and thigh strength and any other factors deemed an advantage by sports scientists are carefully assessed and regularly checked.
Then, perhaps, some kind of
scale can be defined against the average of natal sex competitors they will face to factor in
a handicap. This can then be applied against trans competitors that removes the edge that they will
otherwise always have.
Or, in the case of trans men competitors, where the balance may be more difficult to judge because testosterone is injected to boost natal levels, possibly sometimes a positive handicap to balance out fairness may be required if competing against natal men.
We are unsure whether such a solution is either practical or would be regarded as fair by other athletes, but to us it seems the minimum starting point for any discussion.
The aim should be to seek a balanced and fair competition that does not actively discriminate against women and girls.
The aim should be to seek a balanced and fair competition that does not actively discriminate against women and girls.
That surely has to be the main consideration - second only to safety - when we open up any debate about how to resolve this difficult question.